Pitbulls are often misunderstood, facing stigma that overshadows their loyal and loving nature. With the right training and responsible ownership, these powerful dogs can be excellent companions. In this article, we’ll explore essential strategies for preventing attacks and ensuring safety while celebrating the breed’s many positive attributes. Understanding genetics, behavior, and effective training methods can empower you to foster a harmonious relationship with your pitbull. By addressing common concerns and debunking myths, we hope to equip you with the knowledge needed to safely enjoy your time with these remarkable dogs. Whether you’re a seasoned owner or considering adding a pitbull to your family, this guide offers valuable insights to promote safety and appreciation for this unique breed. Let’s embark on this journey together, learning how to ensure both people and pitbulls thrive in harmony.
Understanding Pitbull Behavior and Temperament
Understanding the behavior and temperament of Pitbulls is crucial for anyone considering adding one of these loyal companions to their family. Often misunderstood, Pitbulls are known for their strength, intelligence, and affection towards their families. Their behavior, much like any breed, is heavily influenced by socialization, training, and environment. It’s essential to recognize that your Pitbull’s personality can vary significantly based on genetics and individual upbringing. While they are often labeled as aggressive, this is frequently more a reflection of how they are raised rather than an inherent characteristic of the breed itself.
When it comes to understanding their temperament, it’s important to highlight their loyalty and protective instincts. Pitbulls typically bond closely with their families and can be incredibly loving pets. They require consistent, positive reinforcement training and early socialization to thrive. Engaging with various environments and experiences, especially as puppies, helps foster their natural curiosity and adaptability. This also aids in reducing any potential behavioral issues later in life, such as fear or aggression towards other animals or unfamiliar people.
Additionally, recognizing the signs of stress or anxiety in your Pitbull can prevent behavioral problems before they escalate. Dogs may exhibit signs like excessive barking, pacing, or hiding when they feel overwhelmed. Providing a safe, loving environment where they can express themselves allows for a well-adjusted pet. Couple this with regular exercise and mental stimulation-thanks to their intelligence, Pitbulls excel at interactive games and training exercises-and you’ll find that these dogs are not only capable of forming strong bonds but are also eager to please.
Ultimately, understanding the unique needs and characteristics of your Pitbull enables you to nurture a positive relationship. Whether they’re engaging in playtime, training drills, or simply relaxing by your side, your bond with your Pitbull will flourish with respect, patience, and love.
Common Myths About Pitbulls Debunked
Common misconceptions about Pitbulls can perpetuate fear and misunderstanding surrounding this breed. One prevalent myth is that all Pitbulls are inherently aggressive. This stereotype stems from media coverage of incidents involving dogs labeled as Pitbulls, but it’s crucial to understand that aggression often results more from environment, training, and socialization rather than from the breed itself. In fact, with proper training and a nurturing environment, many Pitbulls display loving, gentle behavior.
Another myth is that Pitbulls are “dangerous” dogs. Statistical data doesn’t support the assertion that Pitbulls are more dangerous than other breeds. Research shows that breeds are not the sole determinant of behavior; factors like the owner’s management, training, and the dog’s past experience play significant roles. Responsible owners can raise a well-adjusted, friendly Pitbull, demonstrating that danger is more a reflection of neglect and improper training than breed characteristics.
People often believe that Pitbulls cannot coexist peacefully with other pets or children. This isn’t true. Early socialization is vital for any dog, including Pitbulls. When exposed to various environments and individuals during their formative months, Pitbulls can develop strong social skills, making them great companions for families. With consistent training and supervision, many Pitbulls thrive in multi-pet households and are known for forming bonds with children.
Addressing Fear Through Education
Understanding these myths is essential for potential owners and the general public, as it helps eliminate fear and encourages responsible ownership. By sharing successful stories of Pitbulls in homes as beloved family members and community companions, we can shift perceptions. Owning a Pitbull involves commitment to training and socialization, and when given the right environment, they can lead fulfilling, happy lives.
In fostering a balanced perspective, consider that your understanding and actions towards dogs can significantly shape their behavior and integration into society. Embracing education, positive training, and responsible ownership creates a better future for Pitbulls and furthers positive change in how they are viewed.
Essential Training Techniques for Your Pitbull
Training your Pitbull is essential for nurturing a well-adjusted and happy companion. These dogs are not only intelligent but also eager to please, making them highly trainable with the right techniques. A strong foundation in training can help prevent behavioral issues and promote a harmonious environment both at home and in public settings.
Firstly, positive reinforcement is one of the most effective training techniques for Pitbulls. This method encourages desired behaviors by rewarding your dog with treats, praise, or playtime whenever they correctly follow a command or display good behavior. Rather than focusing on punishment for mistakes, this approach builds trust and strengthens your bond with your dog. You might start with basic commands like “sit,” “stay,” and “come,” gradually increasing the difficulty as your Pitbull learns those fundamentals.
Consistency is Key
Consistency in training methods is crucial. This means using the same cues and commands every time you train or communicate with your dog. Mixed signals can confuse your Pitbull and slow down the learning process. It’s also beneficial to incorporate short, daily training sessions. Dogs, including Pitbulls, often respond best to brief, engaging lessons rather than long, drawn-out training times. Aim for 5-10 minute sessions and gradually increase as your dog becomes more focused and engaged.
Socialization Matters
Another vital aspect of training is socialization. Early exposure to various environments, people, and other animals will help your Pitbull develop into a confident and well-adjusted adult dog. Introduce your Pitbull to a range of experiences between 3 and 14 weeks old, as this is a critical window for learning. Activities such as puppy classes, dog parks, and friendly playdates can help your dog learn proper behavior in social settings, reducing the likelihood of aggressive responses in adulthood.
Engaging Activities for Mental Stimulation
Lastly, keep your Pitbull mentally stimulated with various engaging activities. Puzzle toys, scent games, and agility training can provide an outlet for their energy and intelligence. Furthermore, incorporating these activities into your training can reinforce commands while keeping your dog excited and eager to learn. By blending training with fun, you not only promote good behavior but also enhance the overall relationship you share with your Pitbull.
Through dedication to these essential training techniques, you’ll cultivate a loving, disciplined companion who embodies the strengths of the Pitbull breed. With the right guidance and care, your Pitbull can thrive, leaving behind the myths of aggression and showcasing the loyalty and affection that these dogs are truly known for.
Creating a Safe Environment for Pitbulls
Creating a nurturing and secure environment is crucial for your Pitbull’s overall well-being. These dogs are known for their loyalty, intelligence, and playful nature, but like any breed, they thrive best when they feel safe and comfortable. A secure environment helps reduce anxiety, promotes positive behavior, and strengthens the bond between you and your four-legged friend. Here are some strategies to ensure that your home is a welcoming sanctuary for your Pitbull.
To begin with, it’s essential to establish a safe space within your home where your Pitbull can retreat, relax, and feel protected. This could be a cozy corner with their bed, blankets, and favorite toys. Encourage your dog to use this space, especially during stressful times, like loud noises from storms or fireworks. Additionally, maintaining a clutter-free environment can prevent accidents and keep your dog safe. Remove any potentially harmful items within reach, such as cleaning supplies, electrical cords, and small objects that could be swallowed.
Secure Outdoor Spaces
When it comes to outdoor areas, it’s vital to have a securely fenced yard where your Pitbull can play and explore without fear of escape or unwanted encounters with other animals. Make sure the fence is high enough and free of gaps where your dog might squeeze through. Regularly inspect your yard for potential hazards, such as broken glass, harmful plants, or anything that could pose a risk to your dog’s health. This not only keeps your Pitbull secure but also allows you to enjoy outdoor activities together with peace of mind.
Social Safety Measures
Finally, social interactions are key to creating a safe environment. Monitor playdates and social outings to ensure your Pitbull is interacting with friendly, well-socialized dogs and people. It’s wise to introduce your dog gradually to new friends, both human and canine, in a controlled manner. Observing body language can give you insights into how comfortable your dog is with others, allowing you to step in if any situation becomes overwhelming. Providing positive experiences in a variety of settings will help your Pitbull become more confident and adaptable.
By building a safe and supportive environment, you’re not only enhancing your Pitbull’s quality of life but also fostering a deeper connection based on trust and understanding. Remember, a happy dog often leads to a happy owner, creating an endless cycle of love and companionship.
Preventing Aggression: Key Strategies for Owners
It’s essential to recognize that aggression in dogs, including Pitbulls, often stems from fear, anxiety, or the need to protect themselves or their territory. Understanding the triggers that might lead to aggressive behavior is the first step in preventing it. Your role as an owner is crucial in shaping your dog’s experiences, and implementing proactive strategies can significantly reduce the likelihood of aggression.
Start with socialization, which is one of the most effective tools you can employ. Introducing your Pitbull to a variety of people, environments, and other animals in a positive manner will help them become more well-adjusted and confident. Aim for gradual introductions where your dog can observe new experiences from a safe distance before engaging. This could include visiting dog parks, attending training classes, or simply strolling through the neighborhood. Consistently rewarding your dog for calm behavior during these encounters reinforces positive associations and helps lessen fear-based responses.
Training is another key aspect of preventing aggression. Obedience training establishes a solid foundation for communication and builds trust between you and your dog. Techniques such as positive reinforcement, where you reward desirable behaviors with treats or praise, can yield excellent results. Commands like “sit,” “stay,” and “leave it” empower you to manage your dog’s responses more effectively in various situations. Consider enrolling in training courses designed specifically for Pitbulls to guide you through the process with expert assistance and ensure the training is tailored to their unique needs.
Finally, monitoring your dog’s behavior during interactions is critical. Be attentive to body language-signs of stress, fear, or discomfort can manifest as hidden signals, like narrowed eyes or a tucked tail. If you notice your Pitbull becoming overwhelmed, intervene calmly and redirect their focus to you or move them to a quieter environment. Instilling routines that promote relaxation and comfort, such as regular exercise and interactive play, can further alleviate stress and reduce the chance of aggressive behaviors.
By investing time and energy into socialization and training, while remaining vigilant about your dog’s emotional state, you can foster a loving and safe partnership that minimizes the risk of aggression and highlights the joyful nature of your Pitbull companion.
Health Considerations for Pitbull Breeds
Pitbulls are often misunderstood when it comes to their health considerations, but being aware of specific breed traits and potential health issues can lead to a longer, healthier life for your dog. One of the significant concerns for Pitbull owners is their susceptibility to certain genetic conditions. Understanding these can empower you to take proper precautions and ensure tailored care for your pet.
One common health concern among Pitbull breeds is hip dysplasia, a genetic disorder where the hip joint doesn’t fit snugly into the hip socket. This condition can lead to arthritis as the dog ages, causing pain and discomfort. Regular vet check-ups and maintaining a healthy weight can mitigate some risks associated with hip dysplasia. Another potential issue is skin allergies, which can manifest in symptoms such as itching or rashes. You might observe your Pitbull scratching or biting at their skin, which requires timely attention from a veterinarian to avoid secondary infections.
To maintain your Pitbull’s health, focus on nutrition and exercise. Providing a balanced diet rich in high-quality protein and healthy fats is vital. Look for dog food formulated for their specific age, size, and activity level to ensure they receive the right nutrients. Regular exercise is equally important to prevent obesity, which can exacerbate existing health issues. Aim for daily walks, playtime, and mental stimulation through training or interactive toys to keep your furry friend in optimal shape.
Additionally, be proactive about dental health, as Pitbulls can be prone to dental disease. Brushing your dog’s teeth regularly and providing dental chews can help keep their gums healthy. Regular grooming will not only keep your dog looking sharp but also allow you to check for any skin irregularities or unusual lumps that might warrant a vet visit.
In summary, being informed about the potential health challenges specific to Pitbull breeds equips you to provide the utmost care. By prioritizing nutrition, exercise, dental hygiene, and regular veterinary visits, you contribute significantly to your Pitbull’s quality of life, enabling them to thrive as the loyal and loving companions they are meant to be.
Socialization Tips for Pitbulls of All Ages
Pitbulls are known for their loyalty, strength, and unwavering affection, but socialization is crucial to ensuring they thrive as happy, well-adjusted companions. Effective socialization involves exposing your Pitbull to a variety of people, environments, and experiences, shaping their behaviors and reactions in positive ways. The earlier and more consistently you start, the better your chances of raising a confident, friendly dog that can handle various situations with ease.
To kick off the socialization process, begin when your Pitbull is a puppy. Engage them with different sights, sounds, and smells that they might encounter in everyday life. Take them on car rides, visit dog parks, or simply walk around your neighborhood to introduce them to various stimuli. Ensure that these experiences are positive and rewarding by offering treats or praise when they interact calmly with new people or dogs. Remember, the goal is to create a positive association with new experiences rather than overwhelming them.
For adult Pitbulls, it’s never too late to socialize, though the approach may need to be more gradual. Start by introducing them to calm and well-socialized dogs, allowing your pet to observe and interact at their own pace. If your Pitbull shows signs of fear or aggression, take a step back and give them space. Reward them for relaxed behavior and gradually reintroduce them to similar environments once they feel more comfortable. Consider enrolling in training classes where they can learn to engage with other dogs and people in a controlled environment.
Lastly, continue socializing your Pitbull throughout their life. Regularly introduce them to new dogs and people as well as different environments like parks, pet-friendly stores, or even public events. Frequent exposure helps reinforce positive behaviors and contributes to a well-rounded character. Remember, the key is consistency and positivity; your Pitbull is a reflection of your training, patience, and dedication to making their social experiences enjoyable.
The Role of Genetics in Pitbull Behavior
Understanding the influence of genetics on Pitbull behavior is essential for responsible ownership and training practices. Like all dog breeds, Pitbulls carry traits that are inherent to their genetic lineage. These traits impact not only their physical characteristics but also their temperament and behavior patterns. For instance, Pitbulls are often characterized by their loyalty, intelligence, and high energy levels, which can be attributed to their background as working dogs used in various capacities, including farming and hunting.
Genetics can predispose Pitbulls to certain behaviors, including their sociability and response to training. It’s crucial to recognize that while genetics play a significant role, environment and upbringing are equally impactful. A well-bred Pitbull from a reputable breeder with a focus on temperament will generally be more adaptable and less prone to aggression. Conversely, dogs bred for aggressive traits or raised in neglectful environments may exhibit behavioral challenges. To mitigate these risks, prospective owners should inquire about the lineage of their Pitbull, taking note of the behavioral history of the parents.
Moreover, understanding breed variants is important when assessing genetic influences. The American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, and Staffordshire Bull Terrier may share some genetic traits, yet each exhibits unique characteristics. This diversity can affect everything from their behavior with other animals to their responses in different environments. For example, while some variants may have a stronger prey drive due to their lineage, others might be more amenable to training and socialization.
In your journey with a Pitbull, always keep in mind that nurturing positive traits through consistent training and social experiences is vital. By combining your dog’s genetic predisposition with effective training techniques, you can foster a well-behaved, happy companion. Always prioritize socialization from a young age, and reinforce positive behaviors consistently to align with the natural tendencies shaped by their genetics. This thoughtful approach will not only enhance your relationship with your Pitbull but also contribute to a broader understanding and appreciation of this remarkable breed.
Choosing the Right Pitbull for Your Lifestyle
To find a Pitbull that harmoniously fits your lifestyle, it’s vital to consider both your personal circumstances and the specific traits of the breed. Many individuals possess misconceptions about Pitbulls, categorizing them solely as aggressive. However, these dogs are known for their loyalty, intelligence, and deep connections with their families. Therefore, understanding how a Pitbull’s needs align with your living situation can lead to a fulfilling companionship.
Start by evaluating your living environment. If you live in a spacious home with a secure yard, a Pitbull may thrive with ample room to play and explore. In contrast, apartment dwellers need to ensure they can meet a Pitbull’s exercise and stimulation requirements through regular walks and playtime in dog-friendly areas. Additionally, consider your lifestyle: are you active and outdoorsy, or do you prefer cozy nights at home? A high-energy Pitbull might enjoy hiking and training activities with active owners, while a more laid-back owner might connect well with a calmer breed variant.
Understanding Your Lifestyle Needs
Here are some factors to consider:
- Activity Level: Choose a Pitbull variant that matches your energy. The American Pit Bull Terrier typically requires more physical activity than some Bull Terriers.
- Family Dynamics: Consider your household members. If you have young children or other pets, look for a Pitbull with a well-documented history of socialization.
- Time Commitment: Think about the time you can devote to training, exercise, and bonding. Pitbulls thrive on social interactions and positive reinforcement training.
It’s also important to think about health considerations associated with the breed. Pitbulls can be prone to certain genetic conditions, such as hip dysplasia and skin issues. Thus, selecting a reputable breeder who prioritizes health screening and temperament will set a strong foundation for a happy pet. If considering adoption, inquire about the dog’s background, personality, and any previous experiences that could influence its behavior.
Ultimately, the bond you share with your Pitbull is enriched through understanding and addressing their needs while aligning them with your lifestyle. By thoughtfully assessing both your circumstances and the traits of potential Pitbull companions, you’ll be equipped to make a responsible choice that honors the breed’s potential and nurtures your shared relationship.
Rescue and Adoption: What You Need to Know
Adopting a dog, particularly a breed like the Pitbull, can be a rewarding experience filled with love and companionship. However, it’s essential to approach the process with awareness and knowledge to ensure a successful integration into your life. Many Pitbulls in shelters are waiting for their forever homes, yet they often face stigma due to misconceptions about their behavior. Understanding their needs and characteristics can empower you to make a responsible choice, ultimately fostering a positive relationship.
Before adopting, consider the dog’s temperament, background, and any special needs it may have. Many rescue organizations provide detailed profiles on their dogs, which include information about their past experiences, interactions with other animals, and general behavior. If you’re considering a Pitbull, seek those with a documented history of positive socialization. This ensures they are likely to adjust well to a family environment, especially if you have children or other pets. Furthermore, prioritize adopting from reputable shelters that focus on behavioral assessments and health checks, showcasing their commitment to responsible rehoming.
It’s also crucial to be prepared for the commitment involved in adopting a Pitbull. They thrive on mental and physical stimulation, requiring consistent training and social engagement. Consider enrolling in obedience classes to help establish good behavior from the start. Additionally, setting up a proper environment at home-secure fencing, designated play areas, and safe toys-can significantly benefit your new companion. Forming a bond through regular exercise, playtime, and training sessions will enhance your relationship and teach your Pitbull the skills necessary for safe interactions with people and other animals.
Finally, it’s worth noting that welcoming a Pitbull into your life is more than just adopting a pet; it’s a chance to be part of a community of advocates who works toward changing the negative narrative around the breed. Celebrate their unique qualities and resilience through your commitment to responsible ownership. Every positive experience you share can help shift public perceptions, making a world of difference for Pitbulls everywhere.
Pitbulls in Pop Culture: Celebrating Their Legacy
Pitbulls have long captured the imagination of the public, not only for their spirited nature but also for the powerful narratives reflected in pop culture. From movies to music, these dogs have been celebrated and vilified, often serving as symbols of loyalty, courage, and resilience. Understanding the portrayal of Pitbulls in the media helps demystify their reputation and highlights the potential within these breeds when given love and responsible training.
In film and television, Pitbulls are frequently depicted as fierce protectors or devoted companions. Movies like The Little Rascals featured Petey, a lovable Pitbull who charmed audiences with his antics. More recently, films such as Frankenweenie and various action-packed blockbusters have included these dogs, showcasing not only their physical prowess but also their gentle hearts. These representations can encourage a deeper appreciation for the breed beyond their stereotypical image, inviting viewers to acknowledge both their strength and affectionate nature.
Music also plays a vital role in celebrating the legacy of Pitbulls. Artists like Lil’ Bow Wow and Ke$ha have featured their love for these dogs in songs and videos, often promoting the notion that Pitbulls can be family-friendly pets with the right upbringing. Their presence in hip-hop culture reinforces the idea that these dogs are not just breeds known for aggression but companions worthy of love and attention, challenging the narratives that often dominate public discourse.
For those considering a Pitbull as a pet, understanding their portrayal in pop culture can serve as inspiration to foster a positive relationship with the breed. Raising awareness of the importance of training and socialization is essential, as these factors directly influence behavior and safety. As a responsible owner or advocate, your role in promoting accurate representations and showcasing the positive qualities of Pitbulls can contribute significantly to transforming public perception. By celebrating their unique attributes and dispelling myths, you can actively participate in a narrative that honors these remarkable dogs and their rightful place in society.
Engaging Activities to Keep Your Pitbull Happy
Engaging activities are essential for keeping your Pitbull happy and healthy, as they thrive on physical and mental stimulation. These dogs possess high energy levels and intelligence, making it crucial to provide them with exercises that engage both their bodies and minds. Incorporating fun and rewarding activities not only helps alleviate potential behavioral issues but also strengthens the bond between you and your Pitbull.
One of the most effective ways to keep your Pitbull active is through regular exercise. Daily walks are a great start, but consider enhancing your routine with activities such as:
- Fetch: A game of fetch can cater to your Pitbull’s natural retrieving instincts and provide them with an excellent workout.
- Agility Training: Set up a mini agility course in your backyard using tunnels, jumps, and weave poles. This is not only physically challenging but also mentally stimulating.
- Swimming: Many Pitbulls enjoy water. Swimming is a low-impact exercise perfect for hot days and great for building muscle without stressing their joints.
- Interactive Toys: Invest in puzzle toys that dispense treats when solved. This keeps your dog’s mind sharp and rewards their problem-solving efforts.
Social interaction is another critical aspect of your Pitbull’s happiness. Regularly scheduling playdates with other dogs can significantly enhance their social skills. Pair this with structured group classes that focus on obedience or agility training; these environments allow for controlled socialization while reinforcing positive behavior.
Additionally, incorporating training sessions can be a fun and engaging activity for your Pitbull. Teaching new tricks or commands not only provides mental stimulation but also helps build discipline. Remember to use positive reinforcement techniques such as treats or praise to encourage your dog’s learning.
In summary, the key to a happy Pitbull lies in the variety and consistency of their activities. Engaging them physically and mentally will not only prevent behavioral issues but foster a loving and loyal companion. By committing to regular play, socialization, and training, you’ll keep your Pitbull happy and well-adjusted, truly enhancing the joys of pet ownership.
FAQ
Q: What are the most common causes of pitbull aggression?
A: The most common causes of pitbull aggression include poor socialization, fear, and dominance behaviors. Understanding the triggers-such as lack of training or negative experiences-can help owners take action to prevent aggression and promote healthy interactions.
Q: How can I socialize my pitbull properly?
A: Proper socialization involves exposing your pitbull to different environments, people, and other animals gradually. Start early by attending puppy classes and arrange playdates to ensure your dog learns to behave appropriately in various situations.
Q: What should I do if my pitbull shows signs of aggression?
A: If your pitbull displays aggression, it’s crucial to remain calm and remove the dog from the situation immediately. Consult a professional dog trainer or behaviorist to address these behaviors effectively and safely.
Q: Are pitbulls more prone to aggression than other breeds?
A: No, pitbulls are not inherently more aggressive than other breeds. Breed-specific tendencies can encourage certain behaviors, but proper training, socialization, and care are vital. Refer to the Understanding Pitbull Behavior section for insights on temperament.
Q: What role does training play in preventing pitbull attacks?
A: Training is essential in preventing pitbull attacks as it establishes clear boundaries and teaches obedience. Consistent positive reinforcement techniques build trust and respect, reducing the likelihood of aggression in stressful situations.
Q: How do genetics influence pitbull behavior?
A: Genetics can play a significant role in a pitbull’s temperament. However, environmental factors such as upbringing, socialization, and training ultimately shape a dog’s behavior. For more information, see the Role of Genetics in Pitbull Behavior section.
Q: What can I do to create a safe home environment for my pitbull?
A: To create a safe environment, provide adequate space, secure boundaries, and remove hazardous objects. Establish areas where your pitbull can retreat when feeling overwhelmed. Explore the Creating a Safe Environment for Pitbulls section for more tips.
Q: How can proper health care impact my pitbull’s behavior?
A: Proper health care, including regular vet visits and a balanced diet, can significantly impact behavior. Health issues often result in stress or discomfort, leading to aggression. Refer to the Health Considerations for Pitbull Breeds section for further details.
Closing Remarks
As we conclude our exploration of “Pitbull Attacks: Prevention, Training, and Safety Facts,” it’s clear that responsible ownership and proper training are essential to nurturing these loving companions. Remember, understanding breed behavior and investing time in training can make all the difference in preventing incidents and fostering a safe environment for both your family and your Pitbull.
Don’t let fears hold you back-now is the time to take action! Check out our related articles on effective training techniques and breed-specific health care to further equip yourself with the knowledge you need. If you have any questions or concerns, feel free to comment below or sign up for our newsletter for more expert tips and insights. Celebrate your Pitbull’s unique qualities, and let’s work towards a future where every dog is understood and appreciated. We invite you to dive deeper into our content; your journey towards responsible pet ownership starts here!
